CHEDDI JAGAN’S CONTRIBUTION TO GUYANA’S INDEPENDENCE
Ralph Ramkarran
Inspired by events that were occurring in the wider world and influenced by progressive views while he was a student in the United States, Dr. Cheddi Jagan returned to Guyana in 1943, then British Guiana, intent on becoming politically involved on behalf of the poor and disadvantaged. He chose the trade union movement as an entrance point. Ashton Chase and Jocelyn Hubbard, both trade unionists, were sought out to join with him and Janet Jagan to form the Political Affairs Committee (PAC) on November 6, 1946, as a study and discussion group.
Branches emerged in various places including Kitty, Buxton and Enmore. My father, Boysie Ramkarran, joined the Kitty Group in 1947. Ashton Chase, at the 50th Anniversary celebrations of the PAC said that my father was the Secretary of that group. Eusi Kwayana was active in the Buxton group.
Amidst unrest and great and increasing poverty in the Caribbean in the 1930s and 1940s due to the Great Depression and drop in the price for sugar, the bauxite workers went on a long strike in 1947. In 1948 the successful Teare strike of transport workers took place followed by the Enmore strike of sugar workers. Having already won a seat in the Legislative Council in 1947, these events, and in particular the Enmore strike, motivated Cheddi Jagan to speed up the establishment of a political movement to struggle for universal adult suffrage, social justice and independence.
PAC’s internal discussions and consultations designated Cheddi Jagan as the Leader and Ashton Chase as the Chairman of the new party. Chase was General Secretary of the British Guiana Labour Union led by Hubert Nathaniel Critchlow. Billy Strachan, a Jamaican-British activist of the Caribbean Labour Congress and the West Indian Students’ Union, both in the UK, with whom Jagan was in touch, recommended Forbes Burnham as potentially having more appeal as Chairman because he had just qualified as a lawyer. The PPP was formed on January 1, 1950, after awaiting Burnham’s return and his brief sojourn as a member of the League of Coloured Peoples.
The PAC, though small and of limited influence, challenged colonial rule. The PPP was the first major political institution to place Independence on its agenda. Its general council comprised the following persons: Cheddi Jagan, Forbes Burnham, H. Aubrey Fraser, Clinton Wong, Janet Jagan, Sydney King, Ram Karran, Ashton Chase, Rudy Luck, Frank O. Van Sertima, Ivan Cendrecourt, May Thompson, Hubert Critchlow, E. Kennard, Theo Lee, Ulric Fingall, Jainarine Singh, Sheila La Taste, Joseph P. Lachmansingh, Cecil Cambridge, Fred Bowman, and Pandit Siridhar Misir. These are the men and women who first conceived of an Independent Guyana and who delivered the first blow. Their names deserve honourable mention. Universal adult suffrage was won in 1953 and the PPP won the elections of that year.
Hysterical but unfounded fears of ‘communism’ caused Churchill’s British Conservative Government to suspend the Constitution four months after and restrict and/or imprison some of its most militant leaders. My father was imprisoned for six months in March 1954 for violating the emergency regulations by not reporting to the Kitty Police Station one morning due to illness. He was required to report every morning. For several years he was restricted to between Sparendaam and Lamaha Street and Vlissengen Road.
The elections of 1957 were won by the Jaganite PPP after the split in 1955. The section led by Forbes Burnham was later known as the Peoples’ National Congress (PNC). The British Government granted self-government in 1961, after the PPP won the elections again, and agreed to set a date for Independence. The PNC supported Independence.
The Kennedy Administration of the United States then intervened due, once again, to unfounded fears of ‘communism.’ By then the British Conservatives, reconciled to the formal end of colonialism, saw Jagan like other nationalist politicians in the colonial world, who came around to ‘reality’ after Independence and the real world of economic development faced them. But the Americans insisted and the British, as always, succumbed to American pressure.
Disturbances took place in 1962, 1963 and 1964 leaving a legacy of death, destruction and ethnic discord. The PNC changed its position and argued that there must be new elections before Independence. According to plan, the British took Independence off the table until new elections were held in 1964 under a new electoral system designed to defeat the PPP. In 1964 a coalition government of the PNC and the right wing United Force took office. Independence was then granted on May 26, 1966.
On March 4, 2010, I wrote in celebration of a previous Independence Anniversary: “On May 26, 1966, Burnham, then Premier, was stunned by an unfamiliar act of forgiveness and generosity – the appearance of Cheddi Jagan, no longer in power, at the National Park to celebrate with him Guyana’s new status as an independent country and the realization of his dream and pledge in 1949 at Enmore to devote himself to the liberation of Guyana. The now famous embrace between these two leaders, who have shaped so much of Guyana’s political consciousness, says nothing about Forbes Burnham, the victor, but everything about Cheddi Jagan, the vanquished. “
The promise of that embrace is yet to be fulfilled.
Comments
Great piece, wish there was a bit more details on the struggles between Burnham and Cheddi, and what led to the split.
Earlier someone wrote to the effect: what’s the big deal we have gone downhill since becoming independent.
Are the people in Guyana better off today some 50 years after independence. ….that is really the question.
PAC “Branches emerged in various places including Kitty, Buxton and Enmore…these events, and in particular the Enmore strike, motivated Cheddi Jagan to speed up the establishment of a political movement to struggle for universal adult suffrage, social justice and independence.”
I high-light the importance of Enmore because I have a personal association with Enmore (I was born there.) and Ramkarran, unforunately, didn’t mention a crucial event there – the killing on five strikers – Lalla Bagi, Pooran, Rambarran, Dookhie and Harry and the injury of another dozen, by police bullets. Today they are known as the Enmore Martyrs.
Furthermore, my father, a labourer in the fields was prominent in Enmore as a labour activist. In fact, he was the local secretary of the MPCA union when the strikers were killed (as well as being the PTA president at the Enmore school); and our earthen/mud-floor logie home was the base for union meetings and the locus after the killings for gatherings. The Jagans (and perhaps other prominent labour activists) visited there. For about two weeks after this event foodstuff for all Enmore families were distributed from our humble logie-home. Afterwards, the locus became the Hindu Matya/Mandir (temple) where every Enmore resident could get three full meals daily.
I recall also that Dr Jagan pulled four of my jaw teeth at his GT clinic. All my father said he paid was four shillings (4×24 cents) just for the local anesthetic. He then left me for recovery at Mr. Jainarine Singh’s (another union leader) home, on Church St.
So, in my early years, from the time of the Enmore martyrs (which had a deep effect on Cheddi Jagan’s political life) politics and unions activities were a common feature, almost daily, in my home.
VedaNM.